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Arbitration Procedure

New York Convention

The 1958 treaty governing international recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards.

The Convention obliges contracting states to recognise and enforce foreign arbitral awards subject to limited defences, including non-arbitrability and public policy. Both defences are live for mass arbitration awards: jurisdictions that treat consumer disputes as non-arbitrable, or that regard compressed batch procedures as inconsistent with basic procedural fairness, may decline enforcement.

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