Rule 23
The Federal Rule of Civil Procedure governing class actions.
Rule 23(a) sets four prerequisites — numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy — and Rule 23(b) defines the categories of maintainable class, of which (b)(3) damages classes additionally require predominance and superiority. The rule also governs notice, opt-out rights, settlement approval, and attorney's fees.
See also
- NumerosityThe requirement that the class be so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.
- CommonalityThe requirement that class members share a common question capable of classwide resolution.
- TypicalityThe requirement that the representative's claims be typical of the class.
- Adequacy of RepresentationThe requirement that the representative and counsel will fairly protect absent members' interests.
- PredominanceThe Rule 23(b)(3) requirement that common questions predominate over individual ones.
- SuperiorityThe requirement that a class action be the superior method of adjudication.
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